Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix

by-product: an incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture or synthesis of something else

chlorophyll: the green substance in plants that allows them to use the energy from the sun

chloroplast: one of the parts in a plant cell that contain chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

dormant: not active but able to become active

embryo: a human, animal, or plant in the early stages of development before it is born, hatched, sprouted, etc.

energy: power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources

food insecurity: a situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life

germinate: to begin to grow; sprout

hunger: an uncomfortable feeling in your stomach that is caused by the need for food; when a person cannot get enough of the right kinds of foods to be healthy

immune system: a complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases

MyPlate: nutritional guide published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); icon depicting a place setting with a plate and glass divided into five food groups

nutrient: a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life

nutrition: the process of nourishing or being nourished

photosynthesis: the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into sugars and oxygen in order to store energy; the opposite of cell respiration

respiration: the process through which a plant exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment

seedling: a young plant that is grown from a seed

stomata: small openings in the leaves and stems of plants which can open and close to exchange oxygen and water vapor for carbon dioxide

Backpack Garden is a Project-Based Learning (PBL) plan. PBL is a teaching method in which students gain knowledge and skills by working for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to an authentic, engaging, and complex question, problem, or challenge.1

A quality PBL experience requires seven essential elements.

1. Challenging Problem or Question: The project is framed by a meaningful problem to be solved or a question to answer, at the appropriate level of challenge.
2. Sustained Inquiry: Students engage in a rigorous, extended process of posing questions, finding resources, and applying information.
3. Authenticity: The project involves real-world context, tasks and tools, quality standards, or impact, or the project speaks to personal concerns, interests, and issues in the students' lives.
4. Voice and Choice: Students make some decisions about the project, including how they work and what they create.
5. Reflection: Students and teachers reflect on the learning, the effectiveness of their inquiry and project activities, the quality of student work, and obstacles that arise and strategies for overcoming them.
6. Critique and Revision: Students give, receive, and apply feedback to improve their process and products.
7. Public Product: Students make their project work public by explaining, displaying, and/or presenting it to audiences beyond the classroom.²

Backpack Programs

The USDA estimates that nearly 18 million children in the United States live in food-insecure households. That means that 1 in 4 children may not have consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy lifestyle.³ These students rely on school cafeterias for the majority of their nutrition during the week. Backpack programs provide students in need with food to take home for the weekends. The first backpack program was founded by a school nurse in 1995. She noticed that students at her school in Little Rock Arkansas were coming to visit her on Mondays complaining about stomach aches and headaches. To address the issue, she partnered with the local food bank to send food home in the students' backpacks every Friday. Since then, backpack programs have spread across the nation and have had a positive effect on decreasing absenteeism, behavioral issues, and visits to the school nurse with hunger-related complaints.⁴ 

Fruits and Vegetables

MyPlate is a nutrition guide from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that serves as a reminder to eat from all five food groups—fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy. Each food group's size is slightly different because our bodies need different amounts from each food group to stay healthy. The fruits and vegetables sections take up half the plate, with the vegetable food group being slightly larger than the fruit group. It is recommended to make half your plate fruits and vegetables daily.

Fruits and vegetables are the only source of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C helps keep the body from bruising and builds the tissue that holds muscles and bones together. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps the body absorb the iron found in foods and strengthens the immune system. Leafy greens, carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, spinach, apricots, and green peppers are all excellent sources fo vitamin A. Serving several functions in the body, vitamin A helps maintain good vision, fight infection, support cell growth, and keep skin healthy. Fruits and vegetables are a good source of complex carbohydrates, whose energy release is slow, gradual, and long-lasting. Fruits and vegetables contain fiber. Fiber helps move food through the body to prevent constipation and provide a sense of fullness.

Fruits and vegetables are quick, often ready to eat, easy to carry, and tasty foods to have as snacks. They provide the energy needed to function throughout the day. Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables provides health benefits and nutrients that help us grow and stay healthy. People who eat more fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy eating style are likely to have a reduced risk of some chronic diseases. Fruits and vegetables are naturally low in fat and calories. No fruits or vegetables contain cholesterol.

School Gardens

School gardens provide an opportunity to build understanding about the natural world through active investigation and inquiry. Gardens inspire students to use their senses, exercise their imagination, build communication skills, think critically, problem solve, and explore their questions, while providing a meaningful context for multidisciplinary exploration. Visit our School Garden Center for more information on school gardens. For information about fruits and vegetables that can be grown in your state, visit the Land-Grant University Website Directory to locate the Cooperative Extension Services website for your state.

The life cycle of a flowering plant begins with a seed. A seed contains an embryo—what will become a new plant—and food for the embryo. Seeds are dormant, or inactive, until they receive the correct amount of moisture and the proper temperature. With appropriate warmth and moisture, seeds will germinate, producing a tiny, immature plant called a seedling. The seedling will grow into a mature plant which, when fertillized, will produce seeds.

Plants need water, light, nutrients, and air to grow. Water requirements vary by plant species, but all plants need some amount of water. Most water enters the plant through the roots. Water is necessary for photosynthesis, the process through which light energy is converted into food for the plant. Too much or too little water can be harmful to a plant. It is important to know the water requirements of a particular plant to ensure you provide the proper amount for healthy growth.

Light requirements also vary by plant species. All green plants need light to perform photosynthesis, although the intensity, quality, and duration needs will differ. Understanding the light preferences of a plant is important when choosing an appropriate planting location.

Plants obtain nutrients from the atmosphere, soil, or fertilizers. Nutrients are important to the process of photosynthesis and for the metabolic functions of the plant. When soils are deficient, the missing nutrients should be added prior to planting.

The oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the air are important for photosynthesis and plant respiration—the process through which the plant exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment. Plants appear to be constantly exposed to air, but it is important to understand that plant roots also need air. If too much water is present in the soil for an extended period of time, the roots cannot get enough air. Being aware of the type of soil and how quickly water moves through the soil is important for ensuring that the roots are getting the appropriate amount of air.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. Plants use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose) and oxygen. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the leaves through the stomata—tiny holes in the leaves. Water enters the plant at its roots and travels through the stem to reach the leaves. The leaves are the primary site where the photosynthesis process takes place. Inside the leaf cells are structures called chloroplasts. Each chloroplast contains chlorophyll, a chemical that gives leaves their green color. When the leaves receive light, chlorophyll captures the light's energy and stores it to eventually be used to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen. The water's hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined with the carbon dioxide's carbon and oxygen atoms to create glucose molecules which are used by the plant to produce its food. Oxygen, a byproduct of the photosynthesis process, is released into the atmosphere through the stomata. In plants, photosynthesis only occurs in the presence of light.